I found this first gall on toyon in 2014. Witch's Broom is an deformity on many woody plants, and there are many causes ranging from insects to fungi to viruses.
I found this second toyon gall in 2019.
You can see the tiny leaves growing out of the gall.
A month later, the new leaves were turning brown, but new buds were popping out on other branches.
All dried out.
In 2021, I came across a toyon tree that was covered in Witch's Broom growths of all sizes. This and the next photos are all from that tree.